A Brief Note On Business Negotiator And International...

The readership for this executive summary is dedicated to business negotiator and international business managerial. The objectives of this literature are: †¢ Identify the strategies and tactics for different ways of arguing †¢ Identify how culture influences the ways of arguing †¢ Evaluate the effectiveness of ways of arguing at different cultures †¢ Identify the interaction of the two strategies when different cultures meet In this literature, most of the literature collected is through online platforms, such as UWE online library and Google Scholar while hardcopy books that were used for this study was obtained from the UWE Library. All the collected literatures in this literature is well establish by referring to the journal metrics and at least cited by 50 times. 28 of theoretical literatures were collected to understand and support the theory of culture and negotiation. On the other hand, 42 of empirical literatures were collected to illustrate the relationship between culture and intercultural negotiation in business context. The timeframe of the theoretical literature is not an issue as long as the theory is still relevant but the empirical literature is not more than 20 years old so it may still be relevant in today’s culture and business environment. Based on these objectives, there are three findings achieved at this literature. First, most of the Western countries, such as U.S. and Australia, prefer direct expression of language and information. In contrast, most ofShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced by Managers in Practicing Organisational Behaviour6576 Words   |  27 Pagesrises proportionally to the drive to increase the productivity and efficiency of business in an ever changing marketplace. Armed with the tools yielded by the science of organizational behaviour, a working definition of this common term can be rendered as well as an answer to, â€Å"What do managers do?† This paper will distinguish the managerial roles practice base on the work of Henry Mintzberg and analyses managerial challenges faced by managers. As a sample of case study I have chosen AirAsia BerhadRead MoreCase Study: Fundamentals of Management3451 Words   |  14 PagesContents Introduction .................................................................................................... 3 Performance review ...................................................................................... 5 Mintzberg’s Managerial roles ........................................................................ 6 Handling Crisis .............................................................................................. 8 Time Management ..................................Read MoreLabour Relations8410 Words   |  34 PagesTrade Union Federations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......... 9 1.8.1) COSATU†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 1.8.2) FEDUSA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 1.8.3) NACTU†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......... 11 2.) Qualities of a Good Negotiator†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......... 12 2.1) Characteristics of a Negotiator†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 3.) Workplace Forums†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......... 17 3.1) The Current Position†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 4.) Procedural Aspects during a disciplinary enquiry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 20 4.1) Adequate Notice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEvolutin in Management Thought and the Pattern of Management Analysis4319 Words   |  18 PagesAn Assignment On The Evolution in Management Thought and The Pattern of Management Analysis University of Dhaka Department-International Business(EMBA Program) Submitted to Professor Dr.Abul Hossain Siddique Course-Principles of Management(EIB-506) Date of Submission-25 april,2012 The evolution of management thought and the patterns of management analysis- The purpose of this paper is to give a basic understanding in evolution of management thoughts and the patternsRead MoreDefine the Manager Terrain28443 Words   |  114 PagesManaging in a foreign environment The changing global environment The legal-political and economic environments The cultural environment Summary 20 20 20 24 25 28 Social responsibility and managerial ethics What is social responsibility? 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Italian Immigration vs Irish Immigration Free Essays

This paper will contrast the two dominant populations of immigrants to the United States in the 19th and early 20th century. These two groups of immigrants were from Italy and Ireland. The reasons both of these groups immigrated to the United States are very similar, but their cultures were vastly different, and the marks they left on our society are still felt to this day. We will write a custom essay sample on Italian Immigration vs Irish Immigration or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the beginning of the 19th century the dominant industry of Ireland was agriculture. Large areas of the country were under the control of landowners living in England. Much of this land was rented to small farmers who, because of a lack of capital, farmed with antiquated implements and used outdated methods. The land was unable to sustain the population and many began to look for new lands to live. In 1816 around 6,000 Irish people sailed for America. Within two years this figure had doubled. Early arrivals were recruited to build canals and do other labor intensive jobs. In 1818 over 3,000 Irish laborers were employed building the Erie Canal. By 1826 around 5,000 were working on four separate canal projects. The peak of Irish immigration occurred in the 1840s, when half of all immigrants to the United States came from Ireland. Ireland had the highest population density in all of Europe during this time period, but the country was unable to sustain its citizens. This resulted in widespread starvation and difficult living conditions, and many Irish immigrants chose to leave their homeland and make their way in America. In 1850 there were 960,000 people in the United States that had emigrated from Ireland. The vast majority lived in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey. The Irish Immigrant Society tried to persuade immigrants to move to other parts of the United States, but the vast majority were very poor, and had no money for transportation or to buy land. They therefore tended to settle close to their port of entry into the United States. One of the largest factors in the large numbers of Irish Immigrants was a serious disease affecting Irish potatoes, which ruined about 75% of the country’s crop. This was a major disaster because over four million people in Ireland depended on the potato as their main food. The disease returned in 1846 and over the next year an estimated 350,000 people died of starvation and an outbreak of typhus also decimated the population. Despite good potato crops over the next four years, people continued to die from rampant diseases, and in 1851 the Census Commissioners estimated that nearly a million people had died during the Irish food crisis. The Irish food shortage stimulated a desire to immigrate. By the end of 1854 nearly two million people (about a quarter of the population) had immigrated to the United States. Another major factor for mass immigration was the political situation under British rule. Many bad political decisions made by the British, affected the quality of life of the Irish citizens and contributed to the massive disease outbreaks and crop failures. The dream of many Irishmen was the chance to own their own land. Freedom and a democratic government that promised a voice in their government also had a romantic appeal to the hordes of Irish Immigrants. Religious freedom was another important factor. Of course it was really tough for new Irish immigrants in the US, but they proved themselves to be a hardy and resilient group of people. Thousands of Irish laborers worked on building the railroads in the United States. Some were able to save enough money to buy land and establish themselves as farmers along the routes they had helped to develop. This was especially true of Illinois and by 1860 there were 87,000 Irish people living in this state. Other Irish immigrants became coalminers in Pennsylvania. Working conditions in the mines were terrible with no safety requirements, no official inspections and no proper ventilation. When workers were mistreated for trade union activity, they formed a secret society called the Molly Maguires. Named after an anti-landlord organization in Ireland, the group attempted to frighten mine-owners and their supporters. The group was not broken-up until 1875. The Irish tended to support the Democratic Party rather than the Republican Party. They had little sympathy for slaves as they feared that if they were given their freedom they would move north and threaten the jobs being done by Irish immigrants. However, on the outbreak of the Civil War general an estimated 170,000 men born in Ireland joined the Union Army, whereas only 40,000 were in the Confederate Army. One Irish immigrant, Thomas Meagher, became a highly successful general in the war. Before 1870, there were few Italian immigrants in the United States. Italy was one of the most populated countries in Europe and many began to consider the possibility of leaving Italy to escape low wages, high taxes and little opportunity to better themselves. Most of these immigrants were uneducated and from rural communities. From 1890 to 1900, around 650,000 Italian immigrants arrived in the United States, of whom two-thirds were men. Most planned to return to Italy once they had built up some savings, but many realized the opportunities that existed in their new country and sent for their families to join them. The earliest Italian immigrants to the United States were from Northern Italy, who became prominent as fruit merchants in New York and wine growers in California. Later, more and more immigrants came from Southern Italy and the communities and institutions they formed reflected the region’s of Italy they came from. The main push factor for Italians was poor economic opportunities in Italy during this period, particularly in the southern regions, and pull factor of easily obtainable jobs in the United States. Italians settled in cities and often dominated specific neighborhoods, called â€Å"Little Italys†, where they could cooperate with one another and find favorite foods. Most arrived with little cash or education since most had been peasant farmers in Italy. They lacked craft skills, and therefore generally performed manual labor. With a strong interest in food, they became fruit peddlers and gardeners, and opened neighborhood groceries and restaurants that catered to fellow Italians. Most Italians found unskilled work in America’s cities. There were large colonies in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Baltimore and Detroit. From 1900 to 1910 over 2,100,000 arrived. Of these, around 40% eventually returned to Italy. Willing to work long hours on low wages, the Italians now began to rival the Irish for much of the unskilled work available in industrial areas. This sometimes led to hostilities breaking out between the two groups of workers. Italian neighborhoods were typically older areas with overcrowded houses and poor sanitation. Tuberculosis was very common. Italian immigration peaked from 1900 until 1914. In the American South, Italian immigrants met hostility and violence, sometimes even becoming the victims of violent crimes from other immigrant populations who resented the vast numbers of them invading their communities and taking jobs and resources away. For Italians, like other immigrant groups, politics, entertainment, sports, crime, and especially small business served as ladders for upward mobility. Italian American politicians, however, were hindered by a lack of ethnic organization. Italian Americans achieved notable success in both classical and popular music. Italian Americans were particularly successful in areas that did not require extensive formal education such as sales and small business ownership. In conclusion, The United States has greatly benefited from the many contributions of both Irish and Italian Immigrants. They have been instrumental in helping to build the infrastructure of the United States during the 19th and 20th century, and both of their cultures have been woven into the basic lifestyles that most of us enjoy today. Reference www.latinamericanstudies.org/italian-immigrants.htm How to cite Italian Immigration vs Irish Immigration, Essay examples

Symbolism in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery free essay sample

This essay examines the emotional turmoil, obedience and defiance in Shirley Jacksons story `The Lottery.` This paper analyzes the feelings and emotions of the townspeople in Shirley Jacksons tale of perverse ritual and strict conformity in The Lottery. The author discusses the cruelty and blind obedience of certain characters, and the intense guilt and defiance felt by others in participating in the lottery. From the Paper: In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery we see an exciting game of chance turn ugly, as the winner of this lottery is subsequently sentenced to death at the hands of the town people. The town runs amok with various rebellious, evil, and utterly insensitive people who lie in wait for their next annual victim. Playing the role of judges, juries, and executioners, many of Jacksons characters depict a strong underlying theme of the evil, prejudice, and rebellion that is so prevalent in our everyday lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All the characters roles, as well as their names, were precisely chosen in order to awaken our hearts and minds to the callousness and rebellion that lies at the heart of every man in the face of habitual conformity.

ROADMAP for WORLD CLASS AFP Essay Essay Example

ROADMAP for WORLD CLASS AFP Essay Essay The Armed Forces of the Philippines Transformation Roadmap ( AFPTR ) are of import portion of our program to run into our aspiration to go a universe category armed forces. We look to construct a strong military. to be to the full mission effectual. professional. believably equipped and extremely antiphonal to the technological. philosophy and sociological alterations. I believe we can accomplish our vision to go universe category armed forces that is a beginning of national pride by 2028. The AFP can make these ends. by first. attachment to the constituents of the transmutation roadmap. 2nd. through the strong support of the stakeholders and 3rd. through the absolute committedness of the leading. We will write a custom essay sample on ROADMAP for WORLD CLASS AFP Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ROADMAP for WORLD CLASS AFP Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ROADMAP for WORLD CLASS AFP Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The AFPTR is based on the Performance Governance System ( PGS ) which is an version of Harvard’s Balanced Scorecard model into local fortunes of the Philippines. ( OJ5. 2014 ) The AFP instituted reforms based on the rules of good administration and public presentation excellence. AFPTR has three cardinal constituents. foremost. Charter Statement. which sets and defines the strategic way to prosecute. Second. Strategy Map which outlines the strategic aims and defines the interrelatedness among these aims. Third. Governance Scorecard to guarantee that the strategic aims are achieved and the 2028 vision is realized. ( OJ5. 2014 ) The AFP has set up three base cantonments along the manner that must be achieved to acquire closer to the 2028 vision. By the terminal of 2016. to the full mission capable AFP. By 2022. a strong and sustainable armed forces in the Pacific part. The end-goal for 2028 is to go a world-class armed forces. In mission capable AFP. one beginning of incredulity. is the mission capable in territorial defence. peculiarly capable in procuring the state from aggression or invasion. this is because of our limited resources and equipments. To turn to this job. the AFP needs to beef up security confederations and partnership with other states through sustained bilateral and many-sided battles and uninterrupted engagement in the United Nations plan or missions. Another is through scheme preparation of a minimal believable defence that could enable the authorities to protect the national involvement by discouraging and forestalling invasion or possible invasion. ( OJ5. AFP Strategic Planning System. 2014 ) Sing limited resources. the AFP’s aim is to heighten effectual budgeting. financial subject. transparence and answerability with a strategic enterprise of developing a fiscal and resource evaluation. To be a beginning of national pride. the AFP has to work hard to win the Black Marias and heads of the people every bit good as to gain the support of the stakeholders. The AFP has to develop and pass on a trade name image consistent with its nucleus values. award. service and nationalism. The AFP besides recognizes the jussive mood of making out and to prosecute with cardinal stakeholders. Harmonizing to President Aquino† This is why we are prosecuting assorted stakeholders in our peace and security attempts. The AFP Internal Peace and Security Plan ( IPSP ) open up infinite for people’s engagement in specifying. determining. and guaranting national peace and security. It acknowledges that the parts of each and every authorities bureau. civil society organisation. and even local community. are critical in recognizing our common goal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( World Wide Web. scribd. com/doc/46302366/AFP-Internal-Peace-and-Security-Plan-IPSP-BAYANIHAN. 2010 ) The timeframe of the IPSP is six old ages. from 2011 to 2016. which is designed to render communist insurgence irrelevant by 2016. nevertheless. at present. their strength remained about the same. ( Mallari. 2013 ) Despite this. Head of Staff General Bautista said â€Å"These are non our standards now for mensurating our performance†¦ we are looking at the peaceable status in different localities†¦if there is development. if there is economic advancement in the country that is the ultimate† . ( Mallari. 2013 ) Another beginning of apprehensiveness is the frequent alteration in leading. The AFPTR has adapted a long-run and strategic attack to governance. This will supply stableness to the plans and policies of the AFP which will function as a usher for the strategic precedences of the wining leading and hence will non be personality driven. In decision. the vision to go a world-class armed forces by 2008. although brave and ambitious is accomplishable. through proper execution or executing of AFPTR. dedicated committedness of the leading and strong support of assorted stakeholders. This administration model will incorporate and harmonise the different plans and activities of the AFP. With IPSP unfastened to the populace. it signifies the AFP’s intend to pull on the support of the broad spectrum of stakeholders. The paradigm displacement in relation to IPSP of winning the peace instead than merely get the better ofing the enemy will climax to security. development and advancement. Mentions ( 2010 ) . Retrieved from World Wide Web. scribd. com/doc/46302366/AFP-Internal-Peace-and-Security-Plan-IPSP-BAYANIHAN. Mallari. M. J. ( 2013. July 12 ) . IPSP†BAYANIHAN† A FAILURE. ADMITS AFP CHIEF. THE DAILY TRIBUNE. OJ5. ( 2014 ) . AFP Strategic Planning System. Quezon City. OJ5. ( 2014 ) . AFP Strategic Road Map. Quezon City.

Tennesse Williams plays were influenced by the experiences in his life.

Tennesse Williams plays were influenced by the experiences in his life. Portrayal of Tennessee Williams' Life Experiences in his WorksTo many, Tennessee Williams is just another playwright, but to others he's a playwright with interesting views. Williams, "One of the most prominent playwrights in United States after World War II"(Liukkonen), inserted many of his own personal experiences into his writing. It is the haunting and powerful life experiences included in Williams' writing that makes him one of the greatest playwrights in the history of the American drama. Tennessee Williams' plays were influenced by the events of his life. Many of his writing included his involvement with his sister Rose and her relationship with their parents, as well as his homosexual lifestyle. The personal events that took place in his life were depicted in his setting, events, themes, and characterization in his plays.In Clarksdale Tennessee was struck by two serious illnesses, Diphtheria and then Bright's disease, which left him with weak kidneys and paralyzed legs (Lever ich 42).English: Tennessee Williams, American playwright; ...Tennessee's illness led him to the characterization of his play A Glass Menagerie. In this play one of the characters, Laura, also suffers from Bright's disease. She is crippled, walks with a limp and wears a brace. This character is basically composed of himself and a mixture of other people, including his sister, Rose.In the play, Laura is a shy introvert who spends a lot of her time playing with her glass figurines. Her mother, Amanda, is constantly "on her case", trying to persuade her to find a husband. The relationship between Laura and Amanda is identical to that of Rose and her mother, Edwina. "Rose should have gentlemen callers, as she herself had had, and should marry the right man, as she had not" (Leverich 142). This perpetual nagging from their mothers is one cause of both Laura's and Rose's...

Getting into a dream College, things to know for an applicants.

Getting into a dream College, things to know for an applicants. Getting Into a Dream College, Things to Know There is no such a† winning ticket† which can help you definitely take place in the college. However, I prepared for you, interesting information, given by admission deans, who worked with students’ applications for more than ten years. I am certain that people who actually worked in this sphere can give the solid pieces of advice. So, let’s start your trip to getting you enrolled to the selective college†¦ Don’t choose being good at one thing In the process of choosing students, the colleges are looking for the applicants with clearly-defined goals. Make sure you have the last ones. You need to present yourself as a confident person with a diversity of interests, knowledge and skills. If you have all A’s, that does not mean you catch your lucky ticket. Besides the grades, there has to be something more. Reveal your identity as a person who deserves to get the chance to enter this college. I bet you have some hobbies, or things that you are good at, and they are able to bring you that chance. It is always more interesting to communicate, work or deal with the all-rounder. High grades will still give their best benefits As college is the studying structure, test scores and grades are the most important during the consideration of your application. As you are going to be a student of their college, admission members want to be sure about your learning skills in the first place. Due to this fact, you have to be diligent student, and to keep up with the high results. Provide good feedback in recommendations about yourself When the big group of students, with the most outstanding identification papers, is formed, the college starts to find some selective features of the best student, that’s why they want to look carefully through your essay, recommendation letters, activities after classes and so on. The deans believe that the future students have to be prepared to overcome difficulties, to have passion for the learning process; develop critical thinking, leadership expertise, curiosity, optimism, thirst to the knowledge, and ability to work in team. Reveal your ‘real self’ Deans are bored from the clichà ©-essays, standard formula of success, which says all about your strengths. But, let’s consider it this way, every essay is full of describing applicant’s goals, achievements and that’s not the bad thing, however you can lose yourself by trying to follow the accepted scheme. Nowadays, it is possible to load some videos, to present some project, which will show your words in action.   The schools like University of Chicago, the University of Rochester Yale, Reed College, and Pomona College have already practiced using of this option. The person who is not afraid to create something new has a chance to catch the dean’s attention. Money is another winning point Even if you have high marks and good recommendation, the financial situation of yours still is taken into consideration. As there are plenty of programs you might be involved in, you have to be able to pay for yourself during some projects. Students without enough money can get worse results. Be prepared to face this fact, even though it may seem completely unfair to you. Hometown plays its role The colleges are willing to take students from all 50 states. The urban-rural students are welcomed to the colleges. Geography can be decisive as well. The need of exchanging students and their experiences is popular today. Get your success by your own Don’t expect that prestigious college will enroll you because of your famous mother or father. That’s not their position, that’s yours; put the efforts and earn your sit in the dreamed college. Good things require your true dedication Very often your doings influence the choice of admission members. They are interested in your ability to be sympathetic to the others and to help them. The main point here that you’re not doing it just for a record, the reason lies in your true desire to do well. For example, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology very deeply examines the applicant’s actions towards helping others. That doesn’t mean you need to spend all of your free time at community services, the simple help to your family, neighbors or some elderly people are perfect chances to open your heat to something good. Considerable importance During the choosing college, pick up your priority. The colleges appreciate that you made them your first option. Try to show them your strong interest to their college. Appoint the meeting to get to know the campus. Make sure your first visit will impress them in a good way. These tips from deans are very interesting for those who made their decision to be the students of an outstanding college. I hope this information will help you to approach your own method of ‘winning the ticket’ to the future college.

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example This essay stresses that the attitude of a consumer is a major factor as it has a major role in influencing the decision making process of the consumer. Talking on this note, it can be said that for the purpose of changing the attitudes of the consumers towards a specific brand of breakfast cereal, the AIDA model of marketing can be followed. The AIDA model talks about awareness, interest, desire and attraction and help to influence the mindset of the customers. For changing beliefs about the brand, the marketer needs to create awareness about the brand amongst the target consumers. The marketers need to bring in to highlight some other popular product of the same brand. For changing the beliefs about rival brands, the company needs to focus on the process of generating the interest among the consumers. For doing so, the marketer needs to communicate the unique values of the own brand. This paper makes a conclusion that the British airways advertisement was designed to focus on the patriotic as well as national feeling of the consumers and passenger of Britain. Talking in regards to campaign of Abu Dhabi tourism, the focus was on promoting dream and imaginations related to the Middle East. Talking from the marketer’s point of view, it can be said that the British Airways advertisement tried to develop a local connect. On the other hand, the sole focus of the marketers in the Abu Dhabi tourism campaign was to connect to the global audience, while asking them fulfil their dreams and imaginations of a lifetime.

Bio's lap report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bio's lap - Lab Report Example During this time, 23 chromosomes from a man pair up with 23 chromosomes of a woman, resulting to 46 chromosomes. In the process of meiosis, each chromosome make an exact copy of itself keeping it attached at one point. They create an X-shape when they condense and get together, genes are exchanged. The cell divides twice each time, resulting to 23 egg/sperm cells. Male constantly produce egg at puberty while female start producing egg during fetal life (approximately 700 million). Every month, one of the woman’s ovaries select an immature egg to lavish, to feed by the hundreds of cells until it grows fat and get ready. It oozes out of the ovary, to the end of the fallopian tube, and to the uterus. Tentacles capture the egg and pull it inside due to the muscular contraction of the tube and the constant swaying of the cilia. This time, the egg is ready to be fertilized by a sperm but it will die within a few hours if not fertilized by a sperm. During sexual intercourse and excitement, sperm squeezed out of the storage and is swept out by glandular fluids such as prostate down to the 15-inch long tube and out through the penis. A teaspoon of fluid with 300 million sperm cells are immediately impaired because of the acidic vagina. Other barriers include the cervix passageway to uterus that is lock-shut or plug with mucus that keeps bacteria or sperm out and the protective barrier of the egg itself. But during ovulation, the mucus becomes watery, leaving a channel that can guide sperm through the uterus. It would take 2 days of swim for sperm to reach its goal but the propelling of the uterine muscles enable the sperm to reach the fallopian tube within 30 minutes. Only the sperm that can break the zona (thick protein coat of the egg) and can match the protein of the egg is the sperm that can fertilize the egg and fuse with the egg’s inner layer. The fertilized ovum needs to create a viable embryo by ordering the zona to lock-out other sperm and by

Social Change in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Social Change in Nigeria Essay Throughout Africa societies that had been predominantly rural for most of their history were experiencing a rapid and profound reorientation of their social and economic lives toward cities and urbanism. As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. With the largest and one of the most rapidly growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria has experienced the phenomenon of urbanization as thoroughly as any African nation, but its experience has also been uniquein scale, in pervasiveness, and in historical antecedents. Modern urbanization in most African countries has been dominated by the growth of a single primate city, the political and commercial center of the nation; its emergence was, more often than not, linked to the shaping of the country during the colonial era. In countries with a coastline, this was often a coastal port, and in Nigeria, Lagos fitted well into this pattern. Unlike most other nations, however, Nigeria had not just one or two but several other cities of major size and importance, a number of which were larger than most other national capitals in Africa. In two areas, the Yoruba region in the southwest and the Hausa-Fulani and Kanuri areas of the north, there were numbers of cities with historical roots stretching back considerably before the advent of British colonizers, giving them distinctive physical and cultural identities. Moreover, in areas such as the Igbo region in the southeast, which had few urban centers before the colonial period and was not highly urbanized even at independence, there has been a massive growth of newer cities since the 1970s, so that these areas in 1990 were also highly urban. Cities are not only independent centers of concentrated human population and activity; they also exert a potent influence on the rural landscape. What is distinctive about the growth of cities in Nigeria is the length of its historical extension and the geographic pervasiveness of its coverage.

India :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For more than 200 years before the Indian Mutiny of 1857, there had been a British presence in India. They began as merchant ventures and their holdings on the land were relatively small. Over the years they had expanded, creating forts for protection and larger trading stations. Eventually, to make certain that there would be stability and a successful trade business, Britain deployed many of its armed forces there and also raised forces of natives, thus becoming an active power in 18th Century India. Sometimes by their design but also sometimes by accident, the area of British control began to increase. Their expansion lasted until nearly the entire sub-continent was apart or effected by the empire by the year 1857.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relationship of the British with their Indian subject gradually began to get worse as time passed. Many held the invention of the steamships responsible for the tension between the two peoples. By allowing the British officers a greatly reduced travel time from their English wives and their workplace, created less time with their Indian mistresses. Another very important aspect was the arrival of missionaries from protestant England. The missionaries cast their teachings upon the very conservative Indians, who preferred their own customs and institutions to other people. Indians especially preferred their own religions and Evangelical Christians had little respect, or understanding of, these ancient practices and beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spark that started it happened in May of 1857 with a mutiny of Indian troops at Meerut, or a matter of religious principle. The new rifles, which had been issued by the British army, contained a cartridge that required the soldier to bite of the end in order to load the weapon. To make this process easier, the cartridges were greased with the animal fat of a cow or pig. The rumor quickly spread throughout the Indian regiment that this process was being used, and according to ancient Hindu and Muslim religion, this practice is unclean and according to Lord Roberts, â€Å"the affair betrayed and incredible disregard of the natives’ religious prejudices.†(Porter, 40) The mutineers took Delhi first with the help of more native regiments, and from there, the rebellion spread quickly but unevenly. Throughout the many battles at Delhi, Cawnpore, and Lucknow, the natives were never able to completely seize all of India. Britain did manage to survive the fourteen month long battle, but with severe losses. India :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For more than 200 years before the Indian Mutiny of 1857, there had been a British presence in India. They began as merchant ventures and their holdings on the land were relatively small. Over the years they had expanded, creating forts for protection and larger trading stations. Eventually, to make certain that there would be stability and a successful trade business, Britain deployed many of its armed forces there and also raised forces of natives, thus becoming an active power in 18th Century India. Sometimes by their design but also sometimes by accident, the area of British control began to increase. Their expansion lasted until nearly the entire sub-continent was apart or effected by the empire by the year 1857.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relationship of the British with their Indian subject gradually began to get worse as time passed. Many held the invention of the steamships responsible for the tension between the two peoples. By allowing the British officers a greatly reduced travel time from their English wives and their workplace, created less time with their Indian mistresses. Another very important aspect was the arrival of missionaries from protestant England. The missionaries cast their teachings upon the very conservative Indians, who preferred their own customs and institutions to other people. Indians especially preferred their own religions and Evangelical Christians had little respect, or understanding of, these ancient practices and beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spark that started it happened in May of 1857 with a mutiny of Indian troops at Meerut, or a matter of religious principle. The new rifles, which had been issued by the British army, contained a cartridge that required the soldier to bite of the end in order to load the weapon. To make this process easier, the cartridges were greased with the animal fat of a cow or pig. The rumor quickly spread throughout the Indian regiment that this process was being used, and according to ancient Hindu and Muslim religion, this practice is unclean and according to Lord Roberts, â€Å"the affair betrayed and incredible disregard of the natives’ religious prejudices.†(Porter, 40) The mutineers took Delhi first with the help of more native regiments, and from there, the rebellion spread quickly but unevenly. Throughout the many battles at Delhi, Cawnpore, and Lucknow, the natives were never able to completely seize all of India. Britain did manage to survive the fourteen month long battle, but with severe losses.

Identify and Explain Two Reasons for an Increase in Cohabitation [17]

Identify and explain two reasons for an increase in cohabitation [17] One reason is changing social attitudes. Religion regarded cohabitation as ‘living in sin’, but today there is less shame attached to it. Barlow et al found increasing acceptance of cohabitation. This shows that the change in religions social attitude, cohabitation is accepted more, leading to an increase in cohabitation. Some people prefer love that focuses of on intimacy, closeness and emotion rather than the duties of marriage.Giddens argues that there has been a trend towards confluent love. This love focuses on the intimacy, closeness and emotion of a relationship, rather than the feelings of obligation and duty that is in vows at marriage. When a marriage no longer has confluent love, the relationship is likely to end. This shows that monogamy may start being replaced by serial monogamy, in which cohabitation is most suited to. However, the ONS found that 60% of cohabiting couples will eventually end in marriage showing that monogamy can often replace serial monogamy.There is less pressure to follow traditional norms and values. Beck and Beck-Gernshiem argue that individualism has led to changing attitudes towards cohabitation and marriage. There is less pressure to follow the norms and values around love and relationships set by family, religion or culture. This shows that the change in attitudes has led to people making their own decision about whether they marry or cohabitate. The acceptance of sex outside marriage has made it more likely that cohabitation will occur.Allan and Crow argue that effective contraception has made it possible for partners to cohabit without fear of pregnancy. This alongside the acceptance of sex before marriage means cohabitation without marriage is likely to occur. This shows that the change in social attitudes towards sex outside of marriage has led to an increase in cohabitation. Another reason is the decline in the popularity of marriage. The drawbacks that come with marriage often turn people away from marriage.McRae found cohabitation had been chosen over marriage because marriage was seen as limiting personal freedom and independence, offering no advantages over cohabitation. This shows that more people started a cohabiting relationship rather than a marriage, leading to a decline in marriage, but a rise in cohabitation. Some people find it better to have more sexual partners than to get married. Patricia Morgan argues that cohabitation is part of a worrying trend in which marriage is going out of fashion and the family is in decline.It is a sign of an increasing trend to have more sexual partners and change them frequently than to commit to stable married relationships. This shows that cohabitation is becoming more popular than marriage because people are starting to want more than just one partner for life. Cohabitation is an alternative to marriage Chandler argues cohabitation is a relatively stable alternative to marriage and that the length of time couples spend together is expanding. This shows that it is a good alternative to marriage, but with more freedom.However, the New Right claim that cohabitation is less stable than marriage and can lead to negative consequences. Fear of divorce could lead to more people cohabitating, rather than getting married. The ONS showed that 45% of marriages ended in divorce, which could lead to people not wanting to get married and preferring to cohabit instead. This shows that the fear of divorce can turn people away from marriage and turning to cohabitation, which declines the popularity of marriage and increases cohabitation. Identify and Explain Two Reasons for an Increase in Cohabitation [17] Identify and explain two reasons for an increase in cohabitation [17] One reason is changing social attitudes. Religion regarded cohabitation as ‘living in sin’, but today there is less shame attached to it. Barlow et al found increasing acceptance of cohabitation. This shows that the change in religions social attitude, cohabitation is accepted more, leading to an increase in cohabitation. Some people prefer love that focuses of on intimacy, closeness and emotion rather than the duties of marriage.Giddens argues that there has been a trend towards confluent love. This love focuses on the intimacy, closeness and emotion of a relationship, rather than the feelings of obligation and duty that is in vows at marriage. When a marriage no longer has confluent love, the relationship is likely to end. This shows that monogamy may start being replaced by serial monogamy, in which cohabitation is most suited to. However, the ONS found that 60% of cohabiting couples will eventually end in marriage showing that monogamy can often replace serial monogamy.There is less pressure to follow traditional norms and values. Beck and Beck-Gernshiem argue that individualism has led to changing attitudes towards cohabitation and marriage. There is less pressure to follow the norms and values around love and relationships set by family, religion or culture. This shows that the change in attitudes has led to people making their own decision about whether they marry or cohabitate. The acceptance of sex outside marriage has made it more likely that cohabitation will occur.Allan and Crow argue that effective contraception has made it possible for partners to cohabit without fear of pregnancy. This alongside the acceptance of sex before marriage means cohabitation without marriage is likely to occur. This shows that the change in social attitudes towards sex outside of marriage has led to an increase in cohabitation. Another reason is the decline in the popularity of marriage. The drawbacks that come with marriage often turn people away from marriage.McRae found cohabitation had been chosen over marriage because marriage was seen as limiting personal freedom and independence, offering no advantages over cohabitation. This shows that more people started a cohabiting relationship rather than a marriage, leading to a decline in marriage, but a rise in cohabitation. Some people find it better to have more sexual partners than to get married. Patricia Morgan argues that cohabitation is part of a worrying trend in which marriage is going out of fashion and the family is in decline.It is a sign of an increasing trend to have more sexual partners and change them frequently than to commit to stable married relationships. This shows that cohabitation is becoming more popular than marriage because people are starting to want more than just one partner for life. Cohabitation is an alternative to marriage Chandler argues cohabitation is a relatively stable alternative to marriage and that the length of time couples spend together is expanding. This shows that it is a good alternative to marriage, but with more freedom.However, the New Right claim that cohabitation is less stable than marriage and can lead to negative consequences. Fear of divorce could lead to more people cohabitating, rather than getting married. The ONS showed that 45% of marriages ended in divorce, which could lead to people not wanting to get married and preferring to cohabit instead. This shows that the fear of divorce can turn people away from marriage and turning to cohabitation, which declines the popularity of marriage and increases cohabitation.

Have supermarkets become too big to the extent

Have supermarkets become too big to the extent that they are damaging competition? BY ela1210 The growth of supermarkets does however have some benefits for competition. Firstly, due to the uniformity of products, prices are easily comparable across stores for consumers. This means they can compare pricing strategies of dfferent supermarkets and see which has the most competitive pricing, therefore get the best deal available to them, increasing competition and allowing consumers to make a more Informed choice when buying.Prices of commodities do not fluctuate a lot ecause of this, as competitors must malntaln constant prices, therefore consumers do not have to worry about the price of necessary Items changing suddenly. Global commodity prices are therefore determined by the market, rather than by the retailers such as the large supermarkets.For example the number of dairy farms In Brltaln fell by more than 40% between 1995 and 2005, but It Is clear that supermarkets are not to blame for this as the price of milk Is set mainly by demand and as a result of this, the remaining farms incomes and herd sizes have increased as well as their profitability improving greatly. Supermarkets today use online selling methods to reach a wider market, also increasing competition which is possible due to their size as well. Selling via the internet improves the quality of service a consumer receives from a company, especially as they are competing for business with rival supermarkets.Online selling also makes shopping easier for consumers, benefiting competition. This competition means supermarkets are constantly motivated to stay innovative and provide a good service, as to ensure they do not lose customers to rival companies. The large supermarkets are consequently able to offer ore efficient services to consumers in response to needs they have identified while trying to be competitive. For example offering prepared vegetables, this saves busy consumers time and in turn make s them become more appealing.Alongside this, as supermarkets operate on such a large scale, they are advantaged by many economies of scale such as bulk buying stock, mass marketing campaigns and transport methods, lowering their costs. The big supermarkets can then pass these savings on to consumers through reducing the price of products and increasing competition within the market. This would benefit competition through avoiding artificially high prices for products which are widely sold. Through implementing and demanding more economies of scale, producers and suppliers will have to become more competitive, and as a result will Improve the quality of their produce.Therefore It cannot be said that supermarkets are soley damaging for competition as there as some advantages of their size for consumers as well as producers, which Is Increasing competition. 2) Have supermarkets become too big to the extent that they are damaging competition? It Is argued that supermarkets have become t oo big to the extent that hey are damaging competition as there are only a handful of them dominating the food market: Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrison's to name a few. Because of their ultimately is their competition. By eliminating their rivals i. e. ompetition they are or going towards becoming an oligopoly market. Being an oligopoly means having a significant market share in the industry, high barriers to entry, huge sunk and set-up costs which all lead to less competition. This ultimately lowers the number of firms in the industry, as named above, which means less choice for consumers. This can be argued simply by a price comparison between local food stores and the big supermarkets. Prices have become very transparent between the so called competitors from the big supermarkets as their price differs only by a fraction.The question needed to be asked is how much lower can they reduce their prices and still make a handsome profit, yet we see no significant price decreases fr om any of them, apart from their well known offers of â€Å"buy 1 get 1 FREE† or the nation's favourite â€Å"Half Price† on selected items, which are all part of their marketing strategy to get ustomers into their supermarkets and psychologically persuading them in purchasing something they had no intention of purchasing before getting there.

Comparing Two Personal Experiences essays

Comparing Two Personal Experiences essays The different motivations of two authors to become professionals and have great careers in their lives. Many people have changed their lives because of something that made them sad or very depressed. The author of "Another Writer's Beginnings" which was R. A. Sasaki compare to the author of "Through the Tunnel" which was Doris Lessing. The comparison of what they have been through altered their lives. They have been successful through these things and experiences. From "Another Writer's Beginning," R. A. Sasaki was an ugly child when she was little. She had a long face with a little bit of nose, and two teeth that got in front of her mouth which make she looks bad. Her hair lopped straight around the earlobes and straight across above the eyebrows, which make she looked like a lumberjack. She also had glasses that made she feel uglier. Sasaki wanted to be a Japanese Mouseketeer, and the reality of her ugliness had never stopped her from hoping. When she brought home her fifth-grade school picture, she knew she looks ugly. She was in a pink dress which bangs cut straight across her face. And her two front teeth made it looked like she had a mouth full of marbles. She gave the picture to her mother, and there was a long silence and followed by a sign of her mother. At that particular moment, she considered that she might not make it as a Mouseketeer after all of these things. So she would have to develop other talents such as an actor. From "Through the Tunnel" the author was Doris Lessing which also known as Jerry. Jerry was an English boy, eleven years old and an only child of a widow. He and his mother having a vacation on where there was a wild beach. The people over there speak a different language, and he started to become lonely. He has no friends or relatives. All the boys and guys did not play with him. Since Jerry like to swim, then he has no choice other than that. One day. He saw the boys swim in the sea, and soon they...

Definition and Examples of Epizeuxis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Epizeuxis in Rhetoric Epizeuxis is a rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis, usually with no words in between. It is pronounced ep-uh-ZOOX-sis. It is also known as: cuckowspell, doublet, geminatio, underlay, and palilogia. In ​The Garden of Eloquence (1593), Henry Peacham defines epizeuxis as: A figure whereby a word is repeated, for the greater vehemence, and nothing put between: and it is used commonly with a swift pronunciation... This figure may serve aptly to expresse the  vehemence of any affection, whether it be of joy, sorrow, love, hatred, admiration or any such like. Examples ofEpizeuxis Mr. McCrindle had a sloping field. A sloping field! As if a farmer didnt have enough to worry about! (Magnus Mills, The Restraint of Beasts. Flamingo, 1998)Waitress: Shut up! Shut up! Shut up! Bloody vikings. You cant have egg, bacon, Spam and sausage without the Spam.Mrs. Bun: I dont like Spam!Mr. Bun: Shh dear, dont cause a fuss. Ill have your Spam. I love it. Im having Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, baked beans, Spam, Spam, Spam, and Spam. (Monty Python, the Spam sketch)I undid the lantern cautiouslyoh, so cautiouslycautiously. (Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart, 1843)I love scotch. Scotchy, scotch, scotch. Here it goes down, down into my belly. (Will Ferrell in Anchorman, 2004)Theres little in taking or giving,Theres little in water or wine;This living, this living, this livingWas never a project of mine.(Dorothy Parker, Coda)Bad, fast! Fast! Fast! Last night I cut the light off in my bedroom, hit the switch and was in the bed before the room was dark. (Muhammad Ali , When We Were Kings, 1996) And my poor fool is hanged! No, no, no life!Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life,And thou no breath at all? Thoult come no more,Never, never, never, never!(William Shakespeare, King Lear)Phil Spector tamps his frontal lobes and closes his eyes and holds his breath. As long as he holds his breath, it will not rain, there will be no raindrops, no schizoid water wobbling, sideways, straight back, it will be an even, even, even, even, even, even, even world. (Tom Wolfe, The First Tycoon of Teen. The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, 1965)Its a twister! Its a twister! (Zeke in The Wizard of Oz, 1939)Strong men also cry. Strong men also cry. (The Big Lebowski in The Big Lebowski, 1998)Give me a break! Give me a break! Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat bar! (advertising jingle)Im shocked, shocked to find that gambling is going on in here! (Captain Renault in Casablanca, 1942)All you hear from guys is desire, desire, desire, knocking its way out of the breast, and fear, striking and striking. Enough already! (Saul Bellow, Henderson the Rain King. Viking, 1959) For a nation which has an almost evil reputation for bustle, bustle, bustle, and rush, rush, rush, we spend an enormous amount of time standing around in line in front of windows, just waiting. (Robert Benchley, Back in Line. Benchleyor Else! 1947)Frank: Where’s the island? Where’s the island? Where the hell’s the island?Hurley: It’s gone.(â€Å"There’s No Place Like Home.† Lost, 2008)Oh you need fluff, fluff, fluffTo make a fluffer nutter,Marshmallow fluff and lots of peanut butter.First you spread, spread, spreadYour bread with peanut butter,Add marshmallow fluff and have a fluffernutter.(advertising jingle)All around me are familiar facesWorn out places, worn out facesBright and early for their daily racesGoing nowhere, going nowhere.(Tears for Fears, Mad World)

Current home to your dream home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings Essay

Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings - Essay Example The essay "Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings" analyzes Eighteenth Century Paintings and Classical Ideals Represented in them. The classical cultures of Greece and Rome with their well evolved political organization were based on traditions of liberty, civic virtue, morality and sacrifice; and were considered worthy of emulation, during the great political upheavals in Britain. The significance of classical ideals in this era, emphasized neoclassicism during the French and American revolutions. Also, spectacular finds from the excavations of the Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, buried in 79 CE by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius, further fuelled public interest in classic art and architecture. Additionally, the scholarly attention of art historians such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) focused on the ancient world and classical antiquity, thus extensively increasing interest in neoclassicism. The reknowned art critic and poet Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) observed that eighteenth century paintings contained â€Å"a form of perfection borrowed from a repertory of classical ideals†. This paper proposes to determine the extent of truth in Charles Baudelaire’s above statement, by studying works of art from the eighteenth century painted by well-known artists of the time: Anton Raphael Mengs, Gavin Hamilton, Angelica Kauffman and Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun. In the intellectual and artistic world of eighteenth century Britain, there was a sense of optimism.

Phil of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phil of Law - Essay Example Among the lawyers, it designates the instincts and emotions found in every human being, such as love for offspring. When natural law is applied, the jury uses the power of reasoning to give a verdict that is universally and morally accepted. Legal realism is contrary to the natural law. In legal realism theory, legal rules are based on the decision of the judiciary and are given in the interest of the majority of the population and policies of the public. This is contrary to the natural law, which is based on dogmatism. Legal realism defines the legal rights and duties as the court of law defines them (Tebbit 21). Legal realists claim that exercising the common law is subjective and the results are always inconsistent and incoherent. This claim is based on either political, social, or moral alignments or beliefs of the state and the judges. Positivism as a theory of law is a philosophy based on the information obtained from the senses, logical and mathematical analysis sourced from s cientifically proved knowledge, which is valid and truthful (Tebbit 21). The empirical evidence sourced from verified data makes the society operate under the general laws of the physical world. Positivism declares the empirical sciences as the source of truth and knowledge, thereby rejecting cognitive reasoning. This theory emerged in response to the inability of the speculations in solving problems, which came up as a result of the expansion of the knowledge base of human being due to science. However, positivism is the contrast of natural law. It is always very clear, exact and does not subscribe to the beliefs of the society. Positivism postulates that laws written by the higher authority should be followed even if they are unjust or ethically acceptable. Positivism is advantageous because of its clarity, hence minimizing guesswork and binding people within its boundaries when making legal decisions. However, legal positivism may be disadvantageous because the majority might opp ress the minority as in the case of the Fugitive Slave Law that oppressed the Blacks in America (Tebbit 21). Relating the theories of law to Shadrach Minkin’s ordeal, it is clear that the theories of law have been applied. In May 1850, Shadrach Minkin, a house slave in Virginia, escapes from his owner in Norfolk to Boston. Courtesy of the support in the free black society, he becomes a waiter. However, with the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, where federal marshals were given power to arrest any fugitive slaves and remand them back to their employers, made it a reality to him. Under the new Fugitive Slave Law, slave refugees were denied basic civil liberties that are accorded to the other white citizens. These include trial by jury and the right of the accused to testify. In the case of Morris vs. the US, the verdict of the jury portrays the theory of legal realism in application. The jury applied their legal mandate on the case in the interest of the majority of p eople. It might have been seen that the jury were aligned on their political beliefs, but their verdict was in the interest of the majority of the population (Tebbit 21). It is clear that the jury acquitted the defendants who were believed to be guilty during trial just because they disagreed with the law. According to the jury’s argument, the law was not applicable in the case and its application was unjust. In the spirit of the theory of

What Do The Media Do To People Media Essay

What Do The Media Do To People Media Essay In 1959, E.Katz, a psychologist by profession was trying to grapple with the question what do the media do to people? which other researchers were attempting to answer. According to Katz, what people did with the media was more important and worthy of research. He assumed that mass media audiences are active participants in the interaction and therefore it was important for the research to focus on motivations for selecting a medium and the expected gratification from it. This led to the development of uses and gratifications theory. Uses and gratifications theory attempts to explain the uses and functions of the media for individuals, groups, and society in general. There are three objectives in developing uses and gratifications theory: 1) to explain how individuals use mass communication to gratify their needs. What do people do with the media. 2) to discover underlying motives for individuals media use. 3) to identify the positive and the negative consequences of individual media use. At the core of uses and gratifications theory lies the assumption that audience members actively seek out the mass media to satisfy individual needs. It is an audience-centred approach. When an audience actively seeks out media, they are typically seeking it in order to gratify a need. For example, in social situations, people may feel more confident and knowledgeable when they have specific facts and stories from media to add to conversation. By seeking out media, a person fulfils a need to be informed. Social situations and ps ychological characteristics motivate the need for media, which motivates certain expectations of that media. This expectation leads one to be exposed to media that would seemingly fit expectations, leading to an ultimate gratification. There are three main paradigms in media effects: hypodermic needle (i.e., direct, or strong effects), limited effects, and the powerful to limited effects. Uses and Gratifications falls under the second paradigm. The hypodermic needle model claims that consumers are strongly affected by media and have no say in how the media influences them. The main idea of the Uses and Gratifications model is that people are not helpless victims of all-powerful media, but use media to fulfil their various needs. These needs serve as motivations for using media. The media dependency theory has also been explored as an extension to the uses and gratifications approach to media, though there is a subtle difference between the two theories. Dependency on media assumes audience goals to be the origin of the dependency while the uses and gratifications approach focuses more on audience needs, however both theories agree that media use can lead to media dependency. The media dependency theory states that the more dependent an individual is on the media to fulfill needs, the more significant the media becomes to that person. DeFleur and Ball-Rokeach (1976) illustrate dependency as the relationship between media content, the nature of society, and the behaviour of audiences. Littlejohn (2002) also explained that people will become more dependent on media that meet a number of their needs than on media that touch only a few needs. Dependency on a certain medium is influenced by the number of sources open to an individual. Individuals are usually more dependent on available media if their access to media alternatives is limited. The more alternatives there are for an individual, the less is the dependency on, and influence of, a specific medium. Kazt supported the idea of studies which sought to find out what people do with the media. He cited a 1949 Berelson study conducted by interviewing people during a newspaper strike about what they missed in the newspaper. Many read because they felt it was the socially acceptable thing to do, and some felt that the newspaper was indispensable in finding out about world affairs. Many however, sought escape, relaxation, entertainment, and social prestige. These people recognized that awareness of public affairs was value in conversations. Some wanted help in their daily lives by reading material about fashion, recipes, weather forecasts and other useful information Severin and Tankard Jr. (1992:270). Davidson in Severin and Tankard Jr. (1992:269) argues that the communicators audience is not a passive recipient; it cannot be regarded as a lump of clay to be moulded by the master propagandist. Rather the audience is made up of individuals who demand something from communications to whic h they are exposed, and who select those that are likely to be useful to them. In other words, they must get something from the manipulator if he is to get something from them. A bargain is involved. The uses and gratifications approach involves a shift of focus from the purposes of the communicator to the purposes of the receiver. To a large extent, the user of the mass communication medium is in control. Uses and gratifications approach reminds us that people use the media for various purposes. Studies have shown that bored audiences use the media for exiting content while stressed subjects would use relaxing content, supporting the idea that audiences choose media content to provide gratifications they are seeking. Elliot and Rosenberg concluded that much of mass media use might be merely a matter of habit. They carried a study in which people indicated that they watched some soap operators out of habit which they enjoyed doing. Jay G. Blumler and Elihu Katz devised their uses and gratifications model in 1974 to highlight five areas of gratification in media texts for audiences. These include: Escape some media texts allow the user to escape from reality. For example, video games. Social interaction People create personal relationships with the characters in a media text. Potentially this could become dangerous if people do not question the reality of such texts. It also creates a common ground for conversation in peoples everyday lives. Identify People often identify a part of themselves in a media text, either through character or circumstance. For example, hair style trends stemming from a magazine feature. This can go a long way in peoples ideologies. Inform and educate the audience gain an understanding of the world around them by consuming a media text, for example print and broadcast news. Entertain consumed purely for entertainment purposes, meaning that text need not have any other gratifications. The Uses and Gratifications Model of the Media The mass media is a huge phenomenon. Through the various different platforms, print or broadcast, the media is able to reach millions of people like no other force. Without the media, powerful speeches by politicians would affect no one, local events would remain local, and performances by great actors would be seen only by the people in the immediate audience. The media overcomes distances, and builds a direct relationship with the audience. Many sociologists have attempted to explore what effects this has on society, and how the media fits in to our social network. Through many programmes of research, including focus groups, surveys, questionnaires, clinical studies and plain hypothesising, a number of models describing the medias relationship with audiences have been drawn up. Initially, researchers approached the subject from the angle of how the media is able to manipulate audiences, injecting messages into their minds. This hypodermic model, as discussed in the earlier part was rejected after closer examination. The Uses and Gratifications model represented a change in thinking, as researchers began to describe the effects of the media from the point of view of audiences. The model looks at the motives of the people who use the media, asking why we watch the television programmes that we do, why we bother to read newspapers, why we find ourselves so compelled to keep up to date with our favourite soap. The underlying idea behind the model is that people are motivated by a desire to fulfil, or gratify certain needs. So rather that asking how the media uses us, the model asks how we use the media. The model is broken down into four different needs. Surveillance: The surveillance need is based around the idea that people feel better having the feeling that they know what is going on in the world around them. One of the genres this is often applied to is news. By watching or reading about news we learn about what is happening in the world, and as the news is usually bad news, this knowledge leaves us feeling more secure about the safety of our own lives. This idea might seem a bit strange, that the more we know about tragedies the safer we feel, but sociologists argue that ignorance is seen as a source of danger, and so the more knowledge we have the safer we feel. When looking at the news its easy to spot news items that give us this reaction. For example if it wasnt for watching the news we might be unknowingly become vulnerable to the latest computer virus or end up in a hospital with an epidemic like swine flu. Its not just news that fulfils the surveillance model however; the theory can also be seen in many consumer and crim e-appeal programmes. These appeal directly through the idea that they are imparting information that people need to know. The programmes talk far more directly to the viewer, and even try to get the viewer involved in the programme. Because these programmes deal purely with national and local concerns, without such vagaries as world news, the issues apparently have the potential to affect the viewer directly. This explains why certain channels like Aaj Tak and IndiaTV show programmes which have wide viewership in rural areas. Some of the contents of these channels would never be appreciated by the urban audience. The surveillance model then is all about awareness. We use the mass media to be more aware of the world, gratifying a desire for knowledge and security. Personal Identity: The personal identity need explains how being a subject of the media allows us to reaffirm the identity and positioning of ourselves within society. This can most be seen in soaps, which try to act as a microcosm of society as a whole. The characters in soaps are usually designed to have wildly different characteristics, so that everyone can find someone to represent themselves, someone to aspire to, and someone to despise. For example someone might feel close to a character who is always falling victim to other people, and this connection might help him/her to understand and express his/her feelings. Someone may also really like a character who seems cool and leads a aspirational lifestyle everyone would desire to lead. This relationship could act as a way to channel your ones life, helping to set goals to work to. Finally there may be a character one really cant stand. By picking out their bad characteristics and decisions, it helps audiences to define their own personal identity by differentiation. The use of the media for forming personal identity can also be seen outside soaps. Sports personalities and pop stars can often become big role models, inspiring young children everywhere (which is why theres such an outcry when one of them does something wrong). Even the seriousness of news can lend itself to gratifying personal identity, by treating news anchors as personalities, rather than simply figureheads relaying information. Personal Relationships: Audiences can form a relationship with the media, and also use the media to form a relationship with others. Relationships with the Media : Many people use the television as a form of companionship. The television is often quite an intimate experience, and by watching the same people on a regular basis we can often feel very close to them, as if we even know them. When presenters or characters in a soap die, those who have watched that person a lot often grieve for the character, as if they have lost a friend. Some events can even cause media outcries, such as the recent reality shows where the events within the show became main stories on the TV/News channels. The more we watch the same personalities, the more we feel we get to know them. Reality TV shows such as Big Brother and its adapted versions in India give us such a feeling of intimacy with the participants that they can become part of our lives. Even though the relationship is completely one-sided, its easy to see how we can fall in love with TV personalities. Using the Media within Relationships: Another aspect to the personal relationships model is how we can sometimes use the media as a springboard to form and build upon relationships with real people. Having a favourite TV programme in common can often be the start of a conversation, and can even make talking to strangers that much easier. Some families use sitting around watching the television as a stimulus for conversation, talking to each other about the programme or related anecdotes while it is on. Diversion: The diversion need describes whats commonly termed as escapism watching the television so we can forget about our own lives and problems for a while and think about something else. This can work with positive programmes, such as holiday shows or the constant happy endings which help to cheer us up and forget our own problems, and with negative programmes, such as a tragic film, which help to put our own problems into perspective. The diversion model also accounts for using the media for entertainment purposes, such as a good spy film, and for relaxation. The media can give us emotional release and also sexual arousal, which includes a sexy scene in a film as well as pornography. Altogether, the Uses and Gratifications model outlines the many reasons we have for using the mass media, and the kind of functions that the media can play within our lives. New media and current scenario The shift of media and media industry over the past few years into new forms, such as DVD/ Blue ray and the internet based social networking sites, changes the modalities available for audiences to consume and receive media. The change has caused some media theorists to call into question the influence that the media has over attitudes and beliefs. Urbanization, industrialization and modernization create social conditions in which the mass media is developing and reshaping. Mass media plays a crucial role in forming and reflecting public opinion: media connects the world to individuals and reproduce the self-image of society. Contemporary global media scenario presents a more complex interaction between the media and society, with the media generating information from a network of relations and influences. The individual interpretations and evaluations of the information provided sometimes lead to consequences and ramifications of the mass media which may relate not merely to the way newsworthy events are perceived (and which are reported at all), but also to a multitude of cultural influences that operate through the media. The media has a strong social and cultural impact upon society. This is predicated upon its ability to reach a wide audience which often sends a strong and influential message. It is through the persuasiveness of media such as television, radio and print media that reach the target audience. These have been influential media as they have been largely responsible in structuring the daily lives and routines of millions across the globe. Television broadcasting has a large amount of control in influencing the content that society watches and the times in which they are viewed. This is a distinguishing feature of traditional media and although they are by no means redundant, the development of the internet has challenged the traditional participation habits involved in media such as television. The internet has lifted some of the restrictions placed on society by allowing for diversification of political opinions, social and cultural differences and heightened level of consumer participa tion. There have been suggestions that allowing consumers to produce information through the internet will lead to a bombardment of too much information. It can however allow society a medium for expressing opinions and moving away from the political restrictions placed on society. The uses and gratifications theory of Blumler and Katz (1974) and other group studies in social psychology provide such major motivations for individuals to join virtual communities on social networking sites like facebook, orkut, twitter etc, as the need for social integration (belong and be affiliated), the need for help in achieving goals (e.g. by obtaining information), the need for realizing economic exchanges, the need for status enhancement (by impressing and manipulating others), and the need for entertainment. Some of the other ways in which uses and gratification becomes relevant in the Indian/Global media scenario are:- Media can also influence the way people converse due to embedding their minds with particular thoughts and feelings via their various media outlets. Certain movies have quotes that can be engrained into the minds of the audience. However, these quotes can be either appropriate or inappropriate. When someone hears something in the media and it is reinforced through the various media channels i.e. TV, radio, newspapers etc, general members of the public become more susceptible as taking the news as the whole truth, and this can then be accepted as the norm within society. Many famous trials about celebrities have ended in such bad publicity and negative depictions of the people involved that their reputation gets damaged forever, irrespective of the outcome of the trial. The general public already forms their opinion even before the trials are conducted. In the United States the election of many politicians has been enormously influenced by media. Most notably John F. Kennedys victory in the presidential race of 1960 against Richard Nixon has been described by many as the result of his more handsome and good looking appearance on television, especially when compared with Nixon. Also Ronald Reagan and Arnold Schwarzenegger whose fame as actors helped them to gain more media attention and eventually the victory in their elections as president or governor. Similarly Barrack Obama used all the forms of media to build a public opinion in his favour and exploited the latest available social networking platforms to maximize the multiplier effect. The results of the last general elections in India and the victory of Congress party can be linked to a similar media strategy. Criticisms of uses and gratification theory Many people have criticized this theory as they believe the public has no control over the media and what it produces. It can also be said to be too kind to the media, as they are being let off the hook and do not need to take responsibility for what they produce. It is not always safe to assume that people choose the media based on their needs. There are other factors which restrict choices of the audiences, virtually leaving them with a very few or no alternatives. Some of the other criticisms of the theory as found in the literature have been quoted below:- The nature of the theory underlying Uses and Gratifications research is not totally clear, (Blumler, 1979) Practitioners of Uses and Gratifications research have been criticized for a formidable array of shortcomings in their outlook they are taxed for being crassly atheoretical, perversely eclectic, ensnared in the pitfalls of functionalism and for flirting with the positions at odds with their functionalist origins, (Blumler, 1979). The biggest issue for the Uses and Gratifications Theory is its being non-theoretical, being vague in key concepts, and being nothing more than a data-collecting strategy (Littlejohn, 2002; Severin and Tankard, 1997; McQuail 1994). It seems that using this theory has little to no link to the benefit of psychology due to its weakness in operational definitions and weak analytical mode. Also, it is focused too narrowly on the individual and neglects the social structure and place of the media in that structure (Severin and Tankard, 1997). Due to the individualistic nature of Uses and Gratification theory, it is difficult to take the information that is collected in studies. Most research relies on pure recollection of memory rather than data (Katz, 1987). This makes self-reports complicated and immeasurable. uses and gratifications research portrays media consumption as primarily rational and individualistic, whereby individuals control consumption according to conscious goals. This assumes (contrary to Attribution Theory) that respondents are aware of every factor entering into their media choices and do not misjudge the causes of their behaviour. Little attention is therefore accorded to the ways in which media may be consumed mindlessly or ritualistically (Littlejohn, 1989, p. 276). Critics argue that needs for attending to certain media are formed and informed by culture as well as by certain psychological predispositions particular to individual consumers of media products. According to Littlejohn (1989), critici sm of this approach may be divided into three major strands: (a) lack of coherence and theory in the tradition; (b) social and political objections; and (c) the instrumental (versus ritualistic) philosophical bias of uses and gratifications (p. 276). This theory has also been blasted by media hegemony advocates who say it goes too far in claiming that people are free to choose the media fare and the interpretations they want (Severin and Tankard, 1997). Other motives that may drive people to consume media may involve low level attention, a habit or a mildly pleasant stimulation. Uniform effects are not the kind of factor the Uses and Gratifications approach would predict (Severin and Tankard, 1997).

Ending For Samphire By Patrick OBrien Essays -- Papers

Ending For Samphire By Patrick O'Brien 'As she pushed him, she felt her arms weak like jelly.' Molly knew the force of pushing this boy was too much for her tired arms, but he still fell downward, quite surprised by Molly's actions. On most occasions the boy would have felt embarrassed by being pushed over by a girl, but instead the boy stood up, stared at her and took his trustworthy chameleon and left. Molly really wanted to catch this figure up, but something, maybe her own pride, had pulled her back. Instead she went and sat down beside the palm tree, recollecting her thoughts on how to survive in this unknown island. She knew that she was the only one that survived in the plane crash, so where did the boy come from? And why was he accompanied by a chameleon? And why did she push him, when all he did was stare at her? These questions whirled around Molly's head until she went to a deep sleep. As the native boy left he felt only respect for Molly's action. It showed that she had a key strength of survival - courage. He knew that she is one to be respected if they ever meet again. For now though, his pet, which he names Lacey, was in desperate need for food, and he walked onwards to the lake of swamps. The lake of swamps was a lake that looked very abstract and gave a rancid stink, but still retained some of its beauty. The mystical them of the lake attracted the boy, as from generation from generation he has been taught from his tribe that there is a mystical creature that lives in the lake. The boy grabbed a small boulder and chucked it in the centre of the lake, which stunned most of the fish upwards onto the bank. The... ...outh, because the creature could sense if the human breathed underwater. But the boy could not take the girl upwards, because she was wriggling frantically, trying to kick her way out of the boy's grasp. The boy held on for dear life on her mouth, but she kept fighting frantically until suddenly she stopped. She rose above to the water as a motionless figure. The boy knew she was dead. At utter surprise of Molly's death and that the boy knew he had killed her, he shrieked in horror, tears rolling down his eyes against the floating water. What he forgot was the mystical swamp creature. He had motioned his mouth so the creature had grasped hold of him. The boy fought for escape, but he, like Molly, came to no avail. The creature, after one swirling motion of a hand, had knocked the boy out. The boy's vision went black.

Labor Movement Development in Chile: 1990 to Present

Chile underwent a change in 1990 to a democratic form of government.   As a result of this transformation to democracy, the labor movement within Chile has undergone massive development.   As developments have been undergone, several areas of the labor movement have especially experienced change, including collective bargaining, Under the prior authoritarian rule of Augusto Pinochet, collective bargaining negotiations by labor units was strictly limited to â€Å"initial wage readjustments, the time period for inflationary adjustments, and the levels of inflation adjustments†.   (Frank, 2002)   In his in-depth study of the labor movement in Chile, Professor Volker K. Frank explicitly states that â€Å"the most important of all changes concerns the new law on collective bargaining†. The reform that came about during the early 1990s involved a corporations last offer to a union and their rights to proceed with the business of their corporation based on the union reaction, as well as the rights of the union to strike based on a corporation following certain criteria. Because the first reforms that impacted the labor movement in the early 1990s fell short, more reforms were enacted in the middle 1990s.   Professor Frank explains that â€Å"This new legislation envisions major changes that would indeed limit the employers’ abusive powers, which a very flexible labor market has given them in the first place. In this sense, unlike the first reform of 1990–92, this second one does move much more toward a ‘protective’ labor market†.   (Frank, 2002) This major development in the labor movement is most key because of the enhanced protection afforded the laborer by a government becoming more democratic. The labor movement in Chile is far more complicated than reforms to collective bargaining laws or limitations on abusive powers.   By first analyzing those key changes, however, one can better understand the tremendous development Chile has indeed undergone. Reference Frank, V. K.   (2002)   The Labor Movement in Democratic Chile, 1990-2000.   University of Notre Dame: Helen Kellogg Institute for International studies.   

British Art-William Blake

Though William Blake is held today as one of the premier poets of the pre-Romantic era, his contributions as a painter is often overlooked. Like his poetry, his paintings and etchings reflect his deeply held religious beliefs, as well as the many questions he had not only about faith but the nature of existence. Reflecting a sensibility that was unusual by the standards of the day, Blake’s choice of subject matter for his paintings ran from traditional biblical scenes to gothic depictions of ghouls and creatures from Hell sent to tempt and torment humanity.His illuminated printing also helped create significant depth in his poetry, adding to the impact of the words, and often reflected the same biblical concerns and reverences that Blake held for his Christian beliefs. Combining the gothic with a proto-Romantic sensibility, William Blake created art that not only reflected his religious beliefs, but also borrowed from biblical, literary, mystical, and personal inspirations to create unique art that remains as compelling as his poetry and speaks volumes of the creative genius of the man.Though many in the modern day consider William Blake one of the seminal poets of the early Romantic period, Blake he did not support himself as a poet during his life but got by on patronage and commissions for engraving and painting. His projects were most often literary and religious in nature and included the Book of Job and other scenes from the Bible; Chaucer’s Canterbury Pilgrims; Milton’s Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained.His eccentricity and imaginative intensity, which seemed like madness to more than a few of his contemporaries, came from Blake’s childhood fill by such events as beholding God’s face pressed against his window, seeing angels among the haystacks, and being visited by the Old Testament prophet, Ezekiel (Abrams, 2000, p. 36). When his brother died in 1887, Blake claimed that he saw his â€Å"released spirit ascend heave nwards, clapping its hand for joy,† and soon after, this spirit would visit him with a critical revelation of the method of â€Å"Illuminated Printing† that he would use in his major poetical works.His obscurity as a poet was due in part to the difficulty of his work after the mid-1790s but chiefly to the very limited issue of his books, a consequence of the painstaking and time-consuming process of his â€Å"Illuminated Printing. † Blake’s illuminated printing allowed him to not only publish his poetry but also create art to compliment it.The books included many etchings, most often colored in dramatic fashion, that depicted many of Blake’s religious and social concerns. He prophesized, included biblical satire and concerns, and addressed timely subjects such as the suffering he observed and the rampant state of religious hypocrisy in London. As Blake’s mythical poetic character Los said, speaking for all imaginative artists, â€Å"I must C reate a System or be enslaved by another Man’s† (Abrams, 2000, p. 27).In Songs of Innocence and of Experience, Blake reflects the increasing shift of Western society towards a more secular, independent mode of thinking. To Blake, the simple joy to be had in venturing the countryside to hear the songs of the birds is more valuable than learning science from books, or religion from the scriptures, and in his work Blake suggests that children are inherently and naturally good, and only through the systems of man are they corrupted and robbed of joy.This new faith of Blake in the natural goodness of humans contradicts the concept of the fall of Man, espousing that the malaise of modern culture is a mode of psychic disintegration and of resultant alienation from oneself, one’s world, and one’s fellow human beings (Abrams, 2000, p. 39). To Blake, like later poets of the Romantic age, the only hope of recovery for humanity rested in reintegration into the social and natural worlds, as well as adherence to the incorruptible word of God.In Songs of Innocence, Blake combines many of his social and religious views into an etching accompanying his poem, â€Å"The Little Black Boy. † In some copies, Blake tinted the black boy’s skin as light as the English boy’s, while in others he colored them differently; while the heavenly scene that Blake depicts shows both boys sheltered by a tree and welcomed by Christ, it also puts the black boy outside of the inner circle formed by the curve of Christ’s body and the praying English boy.Blake depicted the racism of London by showing the little black boy as not a part of the configuration of the prayer, but rather a witness to it, stroking the hair of the English boy who has no regard for him (Abrams, 2000, p. 45). By depicting the innocent scene with Christ as he does, Blake is showing how Christian society often excludes those that do not fit the right social criteria. This uni que aspect of Blake’s religiousness was one of the main precursors to the spirit of freedom and equality that would come to dominate the Romantic era.Blake hoped to reach a wider audience with a private exhibition of his illustrations in 1809, but his adventurous originality, coupled with his cantankerous and combative personality, left him largely ignored, except by a few harsh critics. At the time of his death in 1827, he was impoverished and almost entirely unknown except to a small group of younger painters, and only decades after his life did interest begin to grow in his literary and artistic contributions.The overwhelming theme in the works of Blake is religion. During his life, Blake declared that â€Å"all he knew was in the Bible† and that â€Å"The Old and New Testaments are the Great Code of Art. † This is an exaggeration of the truth that all his religious and prophetic art deals with some aspects of the overall biblical plot of the creation and the Fall, the history of the generations of humanity in the fallen world, redemption, and the promise of a recovery of Eden and of a New Jerusalem (Abrams, 2000, p. 37).Though Blake spent considerable time on his illuminated printing, his continuous experimentation with form and artistic expression led to a series of large color prints of massive size and iconic designs. Though no commission or public exhibition is recorded, and the exact intensions of the artist and the works’ creation remain unknown, the prints continue to reflect Blake’s literary and biblical concerns, featuring twelve designs with subjects drawn from the Bible, Shakespeare, Milton, and Enlightenment subjects such as Newton (Barker, 2004).Once again, Blake treads the fine line between religious faith and faith in humanity to understand existence and create magnificent works of beauty. However, unlike many of the artists that would follow him, Blake’s art displayed many of his preferences for the medieval and gothic art of the centuries prior. Blake was not alone in his interest in gothic culture, and a great gothic revival swept through England, Europe, and North America towards the end of the eighteenth century.Often reflected best in the dramatic spires of architectural creations of the time, Blake saw these architectural and sculptural accomplishments as the perfect embodiment of his artistic ideal, where spirituality and aesthetic values were inseparable (Tate Britain, 2008). To Blake, the spiritual attributes of the gothic revival reflected the height of creative expression, and his art included many characteristics of the gothic style. In his engraving, Joseph of Arimathea among the Rocks of Albion helps express some of his Christian gothic ideals.The picture depicted the legendary figure that supposedly brought Christianity, as well as art to Blake, to ancient Britain, and Joseph is depicted as a melancholic artist reflective of Blake’s ideals (Tate Britain, 2008). Though Blake described his technique as â€Å"fresco,† it was more of a form of monotype which used oil and tempera paints mixed with chalks, painted onto a flat surface such as a copperplate or piece of millboard, and he simply pulled prints by pressing a sheet of paper against the damp paint, often finishing designs in ink and watercolor to make them each unique (Barker, 2004).Blake’s talent for painting religious icons caught the attention and won the patronage of Thomas Butts, who would become one of Blake’s biggest supporters. Using the Bible as he key source of inspiration, between 1799 and 1805, Blake produced one-hundred thirty-five watercolors and paintings for Butts; Blake used the Bible not merely as a historical, spiritual, and literary guide, but also the fundamental source of all human knowledge, even of the future (Tate Britain, 2008).In the religious paintings Blake produced for Butts, he employed the tempera technique believing it to be r epresentative of the spiritual art of the medieval times that inspired the gothic revival. Using his own symbolism in many of the religious scenes he depicts, Blake incorporates many of the Enlightenment ideals into his scenes. In one depiction of Christ, Blake depicts him as holding a compass, as meant to signify the predomination of reason, and shown in his other works, most famously in his portrayal of Isaac Newton (Tate Britain, 2008).Blake’s gothic style was also incorporated in his highly stylized religious subjects like The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in the Sun, which come directly from the Book of Revelation. Along with his depictions of Chaucer’s pilgrims and Dante’s themes of Catholicism, Blake continued to depict religion in his work until his death. Though William Blake is considered a precursor to the humanism and natural passion of the Romantic era, his religious beliefs dominated much of his work and his life.Unlike many religious arti sts, Blake retained his own unique views of religion, and did not shy away from depicting its flaws and misinterpretations. However, Blake continued to see the goodness of religion, as well as humanity, and did his best to combine the elements of the real world with that of the spiritual world. And, while Blake is still considered more of a poet than for his achievements in painting and etching, the complete picture of the artist is not complete without knowing his accomplishments in each art form, and understanding the importance that religion played in inspiring their creation.REFERENCES Abrams, M. H. (2000). William Blake: 1757-1827. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 7th Ed. Vol. 1. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Barker, E. E. (2004, October). William Blake (1757–1827). Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/blke/hd_blke. htm Tate Britain. (2008). William Blake. Retri eved April 22, 2008, from http://www. tate. org. uk/britain/exhibitions/blake/blakethemes2. htm